Military occupation and the laws of war
Occupation
(Redirected from Occupations)
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Occupation may refer to:
In business:
* Career, a person's occupational history
* Day job, an occupation solely for income, while pursuing another preferred career track
* Employment, a person's job or work in service of an employer
* Occupational crime, opportunistically committed in the course of legal occupation
* Occupational disease, chronic ailment resulting from work
* Occupational prestige, the relative esteem in which a particular job is held
* Occupational science, the study of humans as occupational beings
* Occupational therapy, assisting people who have difficulty performing occupational functions
* Profession, an occupation requiring specialized knowledge
* Standard Occupational Classification System, developed and used by the U.S. government
* Vocation, an occupation pursued more for altruistic benefit rather than for income
In a military context:
* Law of occupation, portions of the law of war which relate to military occupation
* List of military occupations, notable historical instances of military occupation
* Military occupation, control of a territory by a military force
In film and television:
* Occupation 101, a 2006 documentary film about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Occupation: Dreamland, a 2006 documentary film about the Iraq War
* Occupation (TV serial), a 2009 television serial about the Iraq War
From the second half of the 18th century onwards, international law has come to distinguish between the military occupation of a country and territorial acquisition by invasion and annexation, the difference between the two being originally expounded upon by Emerich de Vattel in The Law of Nations (1758). The distinction then became clear and has been recognized among the principles of international law since the end of the Napoleonic wars in the 19th century. These customary laws of belligerent occupation which evolved as part of the laws of war gave some protection to the population under the military occupation of a belligerent power.
The Hague Conventions of 1907 further clarified and supplemented these customary laws. Specifically "Laws and Customs of War on Land" (Hague IV); October 18, 1907: "Section III Military Authority over the territory of the hostile State." The first two articles of that section state:
Article 6 restricts the length of time that most of GCIV applies:
In the situation of a territorial cession as the result of war, the specification of a "receiving country" in the peace treaty merely means that the country in question is authorized by the international community to establish civil government in the territory. The military government of the principal occupying power will continue past the point in time when the peace treaty comes into force, until it is legally supplanted.
"Military government continues until legally supplanted" is the rule, as stated in Military Government and Martial Law, by William E. Birkhimer, 3rd edition 1914.
* Occupation: Foole, a comedy album by George Carlin
* "The Beautiful Occupation", a song by the band, Travis
Other meanings:
* Occupation (protest), the temporary forceful occupation of a building, space or symbolic site
* Occupancy, use of a building for shelter or support of persons, animals, or property
* Occupation, core domain of occupational therapy
Occupation
(Redirected from Occupations)
Jump to: navigation, search
Occupation may refer to:
In business:
* Career, a person's occupational history
* Day job, an occupation solely for income, while pursuing another preferred career track
* Employment, a person's job or work in service of an employer
* Occupational crime, opportunistically committed in the course of legal occupation
* Occupational disease, chronic ailment resulting from work
* Occupational prestige, the relative esteem in which a particular job is held
* Occupational science, the study of humans as occupational beings
* Occupational therapy, assisting people who have difficulty performing occupational functions
* Profession, an occupation requiring specialized knowledge
* Standard Occupational Classification System, developed and used by the U.S. government
* Vocation, an occupation pursued more for altruistic benefit rather than for income
In a military context:
* Law of occupation, portions of the law of war which relate to military occupation
* List of military occupations, notable historical instances of military occupation
* Military occupation, control of a territory by a military force
In film and television:
* Occupation 101, a 2006 documentary film about the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
* Occupation: Dreamland, a 2006 documentary film about the Iraq War
* Occupation (TV serial), a 2009 television serial about the Iraq War
From the second half of the 18th century onwards, international law has come to distinguish between the military occupation of a country and territorial acquisition by invasion and annexation, the difference between the two being originally expounded upon by Emerich de Vattel in The Law of Nations (1758). The distinction then became clear and has been recognized among the principles of international law since the end of the Napoleonic wars in the 19th century. These customary laws of belligerent occupation which evolved as part of the laws of war gave some protection to the population under the military occupation of a belligerent power.
The Hague Conventions of 1907 further clarified and supplemented these customary laws. Specifically "Laws and Customs of War on Land" (Hague IV); October 18, 1907: "Section III Military Authority over the territory of the hostile State." The first two articles of that section state:
- Art. 42.
- Territory is considered occupied when it is actually placed under the authority of the hostile army.
- The occupation extends only to the territory where such authority has been established and can be exercised.
- Art. 43.
- The authority of the legitimate power having in fact passed into the hands of the occupant, the latter shall take all the measures in his power to restore, and ensure, as far as possible, public order and safety, while respecting, unless absolutely prevented, the laws in force in the country.
Article 6 restricts the length of time that most of GCIV applies:
- The present Convention shall apply from the outset of any conflict or occupation mentioned in Article 2.
- In the territory of Parties to the conflict, the application of the present Convention shall cease on the general close of military operations.
- In the case of occupied territory, the application of the present Convention shall cease one year after the general close of military operations; however, the Occupying Power shall be bound, for the duration of the occupation, to the extent that such Power exercises the functions of government in such territory, by the provisions of the following Articles of the present Convention: 1 to 12, 27, 29 to 34, 47, 49, 51, 52, 53, 59, 61 to 77, 143.
- Protected persons who are in occupied territory shall not be deprived, in any case or in any manner whatsoever, of the benefits of the present Convention by any change introduced, as the result of the occupation of a territory, into the institutions or government of the said territory, nor by any agreement concluded between the authorities of the occupied territories and the Occupying Power, nor by any annexation by the latter of the whole or part of the occupied territory.
- Individual or mass forcible transfers, as well as deportations of protected persons from occupied territory to the territory of the Occupying Power or to that of any other country, occupied or not, are prohibited, regardless of their motive. ... The Occupying Power shall not deport or transfer parts of its own civilian population into the territory it occupies.
In the situation of a territorial cession as the result of war, the specification of a "receiving country" in the peace treaty merely means that the country in question is authorized by the international community to establish civil government in the territory. The military government of the principal occupying power will continue past the point in time when the peace treaty comes into force, until it is legally supplanted.
"Military government continues until legally supplanted" is the rule, as stated in Military Government and Martial Law, by William E. Birkhimer, 3rd edition 1914.
* Occupation: Foole, a comedy album by George Carlin
* "The Beautiful Occupation", a song by the band, Travis
Other meanings:
* Occupation (protest), the temporary forceful occupation of a building, space or symbolic site
* Occupancy, use of a building for shelter or support of persons, animals, or property
* Occupation, core domain of occupational therapy
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